The Impact of Implementing School Zoning Policy on Inequality of Access to Education at the Junior High School Level

Ratnawati Susanto, Loso Judijanto, Irsyad Irsyad, Sri Adella Fitri

Abstract


The Indonesian government has implemented a school zoning policy to address the gap in access for students from poor economic backgrounds. However, in reality, the implementation of the policy has not made it easier for students from poor economic backgrounds. There is a need for this study because there is a gap between theory, expectations, and reality in the field. The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of the school zoning policy on access for students from poor economic backgrounds to junior high schools. The research method used was a mixed method. The subjects of the study were junior high school students with a population of nine regions totaling 5,000 students from poor economic backgrounds and a sample of 850. Data collection techniques used surveys, observations, interviews, and documentation. Survey analysis techniques with descriptive statistics using SPSS Version 25.0 by assessing the mean, percentage, and standard deviation. Qualitative data analysis reduced the data and allowed the researchers to draw conclusions by comparing it with the results of quantitative data. The results of the study were that the school zoning policy in Indonesia is effective in reducing the gap in access for students from poor economic backgrounds in public junior high schools so that the distribution of students between schools becomes more even. However, there was a negative impact on some students from poor economic backgrounds if zoning access was limited. In conclusion, the school zoning policy can distribute students evenly between schools but most poor students cannot access public schools. Recommendations are made for research to be conducted by involving the government in a broader study.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.8.28


Keywords


Inequality; Access; Economic Status; School Zoning Policy; Junior High School

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alivernini, F., Manganelli, S., Lucidi, F., & Cavicchiolo, E. (2023). Understanding and supporting the motivation of students from low-income families. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 73(March), 102177.1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102177

Alkharouf, R., Shehadeh, A., Alrefaee, A., & Alshboul, O. (2024). Heliyon Integrative strategies for social inclusion and equity : Enhancing refugee access to higher education in Jordan. Heliyon, 10(11), e31762.1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31762

Ardi, A., Danil, M., Murni, D., Gistituati, N., Rusdinal, R., & Hervi, F. (2023). The Implementation of Student Admission Based on Zoning in Indonesia : Problems, Challenges, and Solutions. Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran, 9(3), 914. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v9i3.8632

Baker, D., Briant, S., Hajirasouli, A., Yigitcanlar, T., Paz, A., Bhaskar, A., Corry, P., Whelan, K., Donohue, P., & Parsons, H. (2023). Urban freight logistics and land use planning education: Trends and gaps through the lens of literature. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 17(November 2022), 100731.1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100731

Bharathi, N., Malghan, D., Mishra, S., & Rahman, A. (2021). Fractal urbanism: City size and residential segregation in India. World Development, 141(June 2020), 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105397

Bierbaum, A. H., & Sunderman, G. L. (2021). School Desegregation, School Rezoning, and Growth Management in Two Maryland Communities. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 29(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.29.6111

Bonal, X., Pagès, M., Verger, A., & Zancajo, A. (2023). Regional Policy Trajectories in the Spanish Education System: Different Uses of Relative Autonomy. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 31(2), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.31.8031

Chansanam, W., & Li, C. (2022). Scientometrics of poverty research for sustainability development: trend analysis of the 1964–2022 data through Scopus. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095339

Chien, Y. W., Wang, Y. P., Chi, C. Y., & Shih, H. I. (2023). Reinvestigation of the risk of stroke after dengue virus infection: A population-based cohort study. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 16(9), 1427–1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.003

Chinhara, H., & Kuyayama, A. (2024). Challenges to the provisioning of equitable quality education opportunities in inclusive early childhood development classes attached to primary schools: A case of one district in Zimbabwe. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 10(May), 100957.1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100957

Das, J., Do, Q. T., Friedman, J., McKenzie, D., & Scott, K. (2007). Mental health and poverty in developing countries: Revisiting the relationship. Social Science and Medicine, 65(3), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.037

Delprato, M., & Antequera, G. (2021). Public and private school efficiency and equity in Latin America: New evidence based on PISA for development. International Journal of Educational Development, 84(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102404

Deppeler, J., & Aikens, K. (2020). Responsible innovation in school design–a systematic review. Journal of Responsible Innovation, 7(3), 573–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2020.1809782

Ertz, M., & Gasteau, F. (2023). Heliyon role of smart technologies for implementing industry 4 . 0 environment in product lifetime extension towards circular economy : A qualitative research. Heliyon, 9(6), e16762.1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16762

Evans, D. K., & Mendez Acosta, A. (2023). How to recruit teachers for hard-to-staff schools: A systematic review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Economics of Education Review, 95(February), 102430.1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102430

Ewulley, F., Anlimachie, M. A., Abreh, M. K., & Mills, E. E. (2023). Understanding the nexus of school types, school cultures, and educational outcomes and its implication for policy and practice. International Journal of Educational Research, 121(July), 102237.1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102237

Gradín, C., & Wu, B. (2020). Income and consumption inequality in China: A comparative approach with India. China Economic Review, 62(September 2019), 101463.1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101463

Hajaroh, M., Rukiyati, Purwastuti, L. A., & Nurhayati, R. (2021). Development of the evaluation instrument of the child-friendly school policy in elementary schools. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 327–340. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14319a

Jahel, C., Bourgeois, R., Bourgoin, J., Daré, W., De Lattre-Gasquet, M., Delay, E., Dumas, P., Le Page, C., Piraux, M., & Prudhomme, R. (2023). The future of social-ecological systems at the crossroads of quantitative and qualitative methods. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 193(April), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122624

Ji, M., Jiao, Y., & Cheng, N. (2023). An Innovative decision-making scheme for high-quality economy development driven by higher education. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 8(2), 100345.1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100345

Jones, N., Sanchez Tapia, I., Baird, S., Guglielmi, S., Oakley, E., Yadete, W. A., Sultan, M., & Pincock, K. (2021). Intersecting barriers to adolescents’ educational access during COVID-19: Exploring the role of gender, disability, and poverty. International Journal of Educational Development, 85(2), 102428.1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102428

Kaiser, A. H., Rotigliano, N., Flessa, S., Ekman, B., & Sundewall, J. (2023). Extending universal health coverage to informal workers: A systematic review of health financing schemes in low- and middle-income countries in Southeast Asia. In PLoS ONE (Vol. 18, Issue 7 JULY). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288269

Kutscher, M., Nath, S., & Urzúa, S. (2023). Centralized admission systems and school segregation: Evidence from a national reform. Journal of Public Economics, 221(13305), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104863

Li, G., Wang, Y., Zhou, S., Lu, Z., & Yin, T. (2023). Effectiveness and challenges of environmental impact assessment in an industrial park, a case study in Northeast Rust Belt China. Innovation and Green Development, 2(4), 100072.1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100072

Liu, J., Lee, M., & Gershenson, S. (2021). The short- and long-run impacts of secondary school absences. Journal of Public Economics, 199(12613), 1-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104441

Lorenzo-Quiles, O., Galdón-López, S., & Lendínez-Turón, A. (2023). Corrigendum: Factors contributing to university dropout: a review. Frontiers in Education, 8(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1191708

Lucrezi, S., Esfehani, M. H., Ferretti, E., & Cerrano, C. (2019). The effects of stakeholder education and capacity building in marine protected areas: A case study from southern Mozambique. Marine Policy, 108(July), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103645

Mabrouk, M., Han, H., Fan, C., Abdrabo, K. I., Shen, G., Saber, M., Kantoush, S. A., & Sumi, T. (2023). Assessing the effectiveness of nature-based solutions-strengthened urban planning mechanisms in forming flood-resilient cities. Journal of Environmental Management, 344(June), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118260

Mandic, S., Ikeda, E., Stewart, T., Garrett, N., Hopkins, D., Mindell, J. S., Tautolo, E. S., & Smith, M. (2020). Sociodemographic and built environment associates of travel to school by car among New Zealand adolescents: Meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239138

Mandic, S., Sandretto, S., Hopkins, D., Wilson, G., Kidd, G., & García Bengoechea, E. (2023). School choice, distance to school, and travel to school patterns among adolescents. Journal of Transport and Health, 33(May), 101704.1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2023.101704

Martins, R. M., & von Wangenheim, C. G. (2024). Teaching computing to middle and high school students from a low socio-economic status background: A systematic literature review. Informatics in Education, 23(1), 179–222. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2024.01

Massaro, M., Dumay, J., & Bagnoli, C. (2019). Transparency and the rhetorical use of citations to Robert Yin in case study research. Meditari Accountancy Research, 27(1), 44–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-08-2017-0202

Mathur, S., & Gatdula, A. (2023). Review of planning, land use, and zoning barriers to the construction of Transit-oriented developments in the United States. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 12(March 2021), 100988.1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.100988

Mboi, N., Syailendrawati, R., Ostroff, S. M., Elyazar, I. R. F., Glenn, S. D., Rachmawati, T., Nugraheni, W. P., Ali, P. B., Trisnantoro, L., Adnani, Q. E. S., Agustiya, R. I., Laksono, A. D., Aji, B., Amalia, L., Ansariadi, A., Antriyandarti, E., Ardani, I., Ariningrum, R., Aryastami, N. K., … Mokdad, A. H. (2022). The state of health in Indonesia’s provinces, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Global Health, 10(11), e1632–e1645. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00371-0

McCrory, G., Schäpke, N., Holmén, J., & Holmberg, J. (2020). Sustainability-oriented labs in real-world contexts: An exploratory review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123202

Mendez-Brito, A., El Bcheraoui, C., & Pozo-Martin, F. (2021). A systematic review of empirical studies comparing the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19. Journal of Infection, 83(3), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.06.018

Muhaimin, M., Habibi, A., Riady, Y., Alqahtani, T. M., Chaerunisaa, A. Y., Wijaya, T. T., Milanda, T., Yusop, F. D., & Albelbisi, N. A. (2023). Covid-19 distance and online learning: a systematic literature review in pharmacy education. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04346-6

Naibaho, F. R. (2023). The most fundamental education conflict in Indonesia: A systematic literature review. IJIET (International Journal of Indonesian Education and Teaching), 7(1), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijiet.v7i1.4981

Nguyen, L. K. N., Kumar, C., Jiang, B., & Zimmermann, N. (2023). Implementation of systems thinking in public policy: A systematic review. Systems, 11(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11020064

Nijman, J., & Wei, Y. D. (2020). Urban inequalities in the 21st-century economy. Applied Geography, 117(March), 102188.1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102188

Ogryzek, M., Podawca, K., & Ciencia?a, A. (2022). Geospatial tools in the analyses of land use from the perspective of the accessibility of selected educational services in Poland. Land Use Policy, 122(September), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106373

Pal, A., Tsusaka, T. W., Nguyen, T. P. L., & Ahmad, M. M. (2023). Assessment of vulnerability and resilience of school education to climate-induced hazards: a review. Development Studies Research, 10(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2023.2202826

Papinutto, M., Nembrini, J., & Lalanne, D. (2020). “Working in the dark?” investigation of physiological and psychological indices and prediction of back-lit screen users’ reactions to light dimming. Building and Environment, 186(2), 107356.1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107356

Pham, M. D., Sawyer, S. M., Agius, P. A., Kennedy, E. C., Ansariadi, A., Kaligis, F., & Wiguna, T. (2023). Foregone health care in adolescents from school and community settings in Indonesia : A cross-sectional study. The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia, 13(April), 100187.1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100187

Safi’i, A., Muttaqin, I., Sukino, Hamzah, N., Chotimah, C., Junaris, I., & Rifa’i, M. K. (2021). The effect of the adversity quotient on student performance, student learning autonomy and student achievement in the COVID-19 pandemic era: evidence from Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(12), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08510

Sakaria, D., Maat, S. M., & Mohd Matore, M. E. E. (2023). Examining the optimal choice of SEM statistical software packages for sustainable mathematics education: A systematic review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(4), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043209

Sandretto, S., Hopkins, D., Wilson, G., & Mandic, S. (2020). Competing tensions: Active transport to school, school choice and policy making. Journal of Transport and Health, 18(August), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100908

Seddighi, H., Sajjadi, H., Yousefzadeh, S., López López, M., Vameghi, M., Rafiey, H., & Khankeh, H. (2022). School-based education programs for preparing children for natural hazards: A systematic review. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16(3), 1229–1241. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.479

Setyowati, A. B. (2021). Mitigating inequality with emissions? Exploring energy justice and financing transitions to low carbon energy in Indonesia. Energy Research and Social Science, 71(1), 101817.1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101817

Sosu, E. M., & Pimenta, S. M. (2023). Early childhood education attendance and school readiness in low- and middle-income countries: The moderating role of family socioeconomic status. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 63(March 2022), 410–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.01.005

Steiniger, S., Wagemann, E., de la Barrera, F., Molinos-Senante, M., Villegas, R., de la Fuente, H., Vives, A., Arce, G., Herrera, J. C., Carrasco, J. A., Pastén, P. A., Muñoz, J. C., & Barton, J. R. (2020). Localizing urban sustainability indicators: The CEDEUS indicator set, and lessons from an expert-driven process. Cities, 101(October 2019), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102683

Stoeckl, N., Dodd, A., & Kompas, T. (2023). The monetary value of 16 services protected by the Australian National Biosecurity System: Spatially explicit estimates and vulnerability to incursions. Ecosystem Services, 60(2), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2023.101509

Tapia-Serrano, M. A., Sevil-Serrano, J., Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., López-Gil, J. F., Tremblay, M. S., & García-Hermoso, A. (2022). Prevalence of meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines from pre-school to adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis including 387,437 participants and 23 countries. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 11(4), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2022.01.005

Timotheou, S., Miliou, O., Dimitriadis, Y., Sobrino, S. V., Giannoutsou, N., Cachia, R., Monés, A. M., & Ioannou, A. (2023). Impacts of digital technologies on education and factors influencing schools’ digital capacity and transformation: A literature review. In Education and Information Technologies (Vol. 28, Issue 6). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11431-8

Triyanti, A., Surtiari, G. A. K., Lassa, J., Rafliana, I., Hanifa, N. R., Muhidin, M. I., & Djalante, R. (2023). Governing systemic and cascading disaster risk in Indonesia: where do we stand and future outlook. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 32(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-07-2022-0156

Wanti, M., Wesselink, R., Biemans, H., & Brok, P. den. (2022). Determining factors of access and equity in higher education: A systematic review. Equity in Education & Society, 1(2), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/27526461221092429

Wardani, J., (Annette) Bos, J. J., Ramirez-Lovering, D., & Capon, A. G. (2023). Boundaries as spaces of knowledge integration: Learning from transdisciplinary collaboration on planetary health in Indonesia. Journal of Climate Change and Health, 11(2), 100242.1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2023.100242

Wisnubroto, D. S., Khairul, K., Basuki, F., & Kristuti, E. (2023). Preventing and countering insider threats and radicalism in an Indonesian research reactor: Development of a human reliability program (HRP). Heliyon, 9(5), e15685.1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15685


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


e-ISSN: 1694-2116

p-ISSN: 1694-2493