“Panca Sthiti Dharmaning Prabu” – the Concept of Educational Leadership – and Its Relationship to Character Strengthening: A Phenomenological Study in Hindu-Based Schools

I Wayan Agus Gunada, Anak Agung Gede Agung, I Nyoman Jampel, Basilius Redan Werang

Abstract


This paper explains the relationship between educational leadership and the strengthening of character education. One of the advances of the times is the development of technology, which has positive and negative impacts. One of the negative impacts is moral degradation among teenagers. This phenomenon compels educational institutions to strengthen character education. Therefore, this study sought to interpret how educational leadership strengthens school character education. A qualitative research method with phenomenological study approach was employed to investigate educational leadership at SMP (junior high school) Negeri Hindu 2 Sukawati. Data were collected through observation and interviews and supported by document analysis techniques. The research subjects as participants were the principal and nine teachers. Data analysis was conducted using the Moustakas model, assisted by qualitative data analysis software. Based on the existing findings, character education must be institutional, with school principals and teachers adopting an active role. This active role indicates that school principals and teachers are also responsible for strengthening character education. This is achieved through an exemplary attitude and behavior by principal and teachers, which leads to the internalization of values in character habituation among students. This attitude is essential to the Hindu-based leadership concept of Panca Sthiti Dharmaning Prabu. This research has the potential to increase the understanding of the importance of character education and to form part of a literature review for future research.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.8.32


Keywords


character; education; educational leadership; local wisdom; phenomenology

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adnyana, P. E. S. (2023). Paramitaning Praja: Prinsip ajaran Hindu bagi seorang pemimpin dalam mensejahterakan masyarakat [Paramitaning Praja: Hindu principles for a leader in prospering society]. WIDYA DANA: Jurnal Penelitian Agama Dan Kebudayaan, 1(2), 141–150. https://stahnmpukuturan.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/widyadana/article/view/3976

Agasisti, T., Falzetti, P., & Soncin, M. (2020). School principals’ managerial behaviours and students’ achievement: An empirical analysis of Italian middle schools. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(5), 937–951. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-11-2018-0350

Aguas, P. P. (2022). Fusing approaches in educational research: Data collection and data analysis in phenomenological research. Qualitative Report, 27(1), 64–77. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5027

Aizpurua, E., Applegate, B. K., Bolin, R. M., Vuk, M., & Ouellette, H. M. (2020). The sins of the child: Public opinion about parental responsibility for juvenile crime. Children and Youth Services Review, 114, Article 105023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105023

Arias López, B. E., Andrä, C., & Bliesemann de Guevara, B. (2023). Reflexivity in research teams through narrative practice and textile-making. Qualitative Research, 23(2), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941211028799

Asniati, A., Binasar, S. S., & Jahada, J. (2020). Pengaruh penggunaan Internet terhadap kenakalan remaja (siswa) [The effect of Internet use on juvenile delinquency (students)]. Jurnal Ilmiah Bening: Belajar Bimbingan dan Konseling, 4(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.36709/bening.v4i1.10485

Astalini, A., Darmaji, D., Kurniawan, D. A., & Sept, S. E. (2023). Overview the inquiry learning model: Attitudes, student characters, and student responses what’s the impact? Journal of Education and Learning, 17(1), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v17i1.20530

Dierkhising, C. B., Eastman, A. L., & Chan, K. (2023). Juvenile justice and child welfare dual system involvement among females with and without histories of commercial sexual exploitation. Children and Youth Services Review, 150, Article 106989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106989

Een, Tagela, U., & Irawan, S. (2020). Jenis-jenis kenakalan remaja dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi di desa Merak Rejo Kecamatan Bawen Kabupaten Semarang [Types of juvenile delinquency and influencing factors in Merak Rejo Village, Bawen district, Semarang Regency]. Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Terapan, 4(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.30598/jbkt.v4i1.1453

Ezzani, M., & Brooks, M. (2019). Culturally relevant leadership: Advancing critical consciousness in American Muslim students. Educational Administration Quarterly, 55(5), 781–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X18821358

Frissen, T. (2021). Internet, the great radicalizer? Exploring relationships between seeking for online extremist materials and cognitive radicalization in young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Article 106549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106549

Gu, Q. (2023). Leadership and policy: How principals of successful schools enact education policy for improvement. In R. J. Tierney, F. Rizvi, & K. Ercikan (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education (4th ed.; pp. 347–355). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818630-5.05014-4

Gunada, I. W. A., Pramana, I. B. K. Y., & Rudiarta, I. W. (2021). Penguatan pendidikan karakter Hindu dalam yoga untuk Sisya Pasraman Amerta Sanjiwani [Strengthening Hindu character education in yoga for Sisya Pasraman Amerta Sanjiwani]. Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan, 19(2), 311–346. https://doi.org/10.31291/jlka.v19i2.973

Gurr, D., & Drysdale, L. (2018). System leadership and school leadership. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, 3(2), 207–229. https://doi.org/10.30828/real/2018.2.4

Haesevoets, T., de Cremer, D., de Schutter, L., van Dijke, M., Young, H. R., Lee, H. W., Johnson, R., & Chiang, J. T. J. (2022). The impact of leader depletion on leader performance: The mediating role of leaders’ trust beliefs and employees’ citizenship behaviors. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24882-3

Hancock, D. R., Müller, U., Wang, C., & Hachen, J. (2019). Factors influencing school principals’ motivation to become principals in the U.S.A. and Germany. International Journal of Educational Research, 95, 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.04.004

Hargrove-Huttel, R., & Colgrove, K. C. (2019). Client management and leadership success: A course review applying critical thinking skills to test taking. F. A. Davis Company. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-1706-1_7

Harsoyo, Y., Astuti, C. W. R., & Rahayu, C. W. E. (2019). Competency and values of local wisdom of high school principals. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 38(3), 565–577. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v38i3.20593

Hidayat, M., Rozak, R. W. A., Hakam, K. A., Kembara, M. D., & Parhan, M. (2022). Character education in Indonesia: How is it internalized and implemented in virtual learning? Cakrawala Pendidikan, 41(1), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i1.45920

Hogan, T. H., O’Rourke, B. P., Weeks, E., Silvera, G. A., & Choi, S. (2023). Top-level leaders and implementation strategies to support organizational diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging (DEIB) interventions: A qualitative study of top-level DEIB leaders in healthcare organizations. Implementation Science, 18(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-023-01319-7

James, D. M., Wicker, K., Street, M., Bibby, R. J., & Robinson, J. (2021). Systems leadership in the early years. Management in Education, 38(3), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/08920206211031913

Keraf, F. M. P., & Komalasari, K. (2019). Habituasi untuk menguatkan karakter nasionalisme peserta didik wilayah perbatasan pada abad 21 [Habituation to strengthen the nationalism character of border area students in the 21st century]. Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter, 9(2), 216–230. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpk.v9i2.25627

Kim, B. K. E., Gilman, A. B., Thompson, N., & de Leon, J. (2021). Statewide trends of trauma history, suicidality, and mental health among youth entering the juvenile justice system. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(2), 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.044

Leavy, P. (2017). Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and community-based participatory research approaches. The Guilford Press.

Martin, A. J. (2023). Integrating motivation and instruction: Towards a unified approach in educational psychology. Educational Psychology Review, 35, Article 54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09774-w

Maruf, H., Arsyad, A., & Mas, S. R. (2022). Pengaruh motivasi kerja, kemampuan manajerial kepala sekolah, dan iklim sekolah terhadap kinerja guru di sekolah menengah pertama negeri se Kabupaten Pohuwato [The influence of work motivation, principal managerial ability, and school climate on teacher performance in state junior high schools in Pohuwato Regency]. Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal, 8(1), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.37905/aksara.8.1.291-302.2022

Meyer, A., Hartung-Beck, V., Gronostaj, A., Krüger, S., & Richter, D. (2022). How can principal leadership practices promote teacher collaboration and organizational change? A longitudinal multiple case study of three school improvement initiatives. Journal of Educational Change, 24, 425–455 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-022-09451-9

Miró-Llinares, F., & Moneva, A. (2019). What about cyberspace (and cybercrime alongside it)? A reply to Farrell and Birks “did cybercrime cause the crime drop?” Crime Science, 8(1), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-019-0107-y

Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. SAGE Publication.

Mozumder, N. A. (2022). Can ethical political leadership restore public trust in political leaders? Public Organization Review, 22(3), 821–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-021-00536-2

Nadra, I. N. (2022). Kepemimpinan Hindu dalam membangun manusia seutuhnya [Hindu leadership in building a whole man]. Kamaya: Jurnal Ilmu Agama, 5(3), 155?166. https://doi.org/10.37329/kamaya.v5i3.1995

Nagashima, J., & Gibbs, N. P. (2022). Sensegathering and iteration: The evolution of a character education framework in higher education. Journal of Moral Education, 51(4), 518–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2021.1909547

Noble, H., & Heale, R. (2019). Triangulation in research, with examples. Evidence-Based Nursing, 22(3), 67–68. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103145

Pan, H. L. W., & Chen, W. Y. (2020). How principal leadership facilitates teacher learning through teacher leadership: Determining the critical path. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 49(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220913553

Pandin, M. G. R., & Yanto, E. S. (2023). The what and how of existential phenomenological research. Qualitative Report, 28(3), 816–827. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.6268

Pascale, J., Lineback, J. F., Bates, N., & Beatty, P. (2022). Protecting the identity of participants in qualitative research. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology, 10(3), 549–567. https://doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smab048

Prayitno, H. J., Markhamah, Nasucha, Y., Huda, M., Ratih, K., Ubaidullah, Rohmadi, M., Boeriswati, E., & Thambu, N. (2022). Prophetic educational values in the Indonesian language textbook: Pillars of positive politeness and character education. Heliyon, 8(8), e10016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10016

Qandeel, M. S., & Kuráth, G. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis: Leadership and interactional justice. Management Review Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-023-00384-y

Robinson, C., & Williams, H. (2024). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Learnings from employing IPA as a qualitative methodology in educational research. Qualitative Report, 29(4), 939–952. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2024.6487

Saepudin, A., Supriyadi, T., Surana, D., & Asikin, I. (2023). Strengthening character education: An action research in forming religious moderation in Islamic education. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(12), 84–105. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.12.5

Sakti, S. A., Endraswara, S., & Rohman, A. (2024). Revitalizing local wisdom within character education through ethnopedagogy apporach: A case study on a preschool in Yogyakarta. Heliyon, 10(10), e31370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31370

Sanjaya, P., Suarka, I. N., & Indiani, N. M. (2020). Hindus leadership teaching in Geguritan Niti Raja Sasana. Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies, 4(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.25078/ijhsrs.v4i1.1187

Sapian, N. R. B., Bin Abdullah, R. B., Ghani, M. F. B. A., Abdullah, Z., & Omar, I. M. B. (2020). The relationship between principal’s communication style and school climate. In A. Komariah, N. Aedi, T. C. Kurniatun, D. A. Kurniady, & S. Nurlatifah (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Research of Educational Administration and Management (ICREAM 2019) (Vol. 400, Issue Icream 2019, pp. 197–205). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200130.168

Sari, T. N., & Prasetya, M. N. (2020). Dapatkah kepemimpinan kepala sekolah, motivasi guru dan kualitas pelayanan pendidikan mempengharuhi kepuasan orang tua siswa [Can principal leadership, teacher motivation and quality of educational services affect student parent satisfaction?]. EduTech: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial, 6(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.30596/edutech.v6i1.4399

Segeren, M., Fassaert, T., de Wit, M., & Popma, A. (2020). Constellations of youth criminogenic factors associated with young adult violent criminal behavior. Crime Science, 9(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-0111-2

Seker, S., Habersaat, S., Boonmann, C., Palix, J., Jenkel, N., Fischer, S., Fegert, J. M., Kölch, M., Schmeck, K., & Schmid, M. (2021). Substance-use disorders among child welfare and juvenile justice adolescents in residential care: The role of childhood adversities and impulsive behavior. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, Article 105825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105825

Suryawan, N., & Gata, I. W. (2020). Catur Pariksa sebagai landasan kepemimpinan Hindu berbasis kearifan lokal (Suatu tinjauan pustaka) [Catur Pariksa as the basis of Hindu leadership based on local wisdom (A literature review)]. Suluh Pendidikan, 18(2), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.46444/suluh-pendidikan.v18i2.213

Suweta, I. M. (2019). Kepemimpinan Hindu (Dalam Nitisastra dan susastra Hindu Ramayana) [Hindu leadership (In Nitisastra and Hindu literature of the Ramayana)]. Pariksa: Jurnal Hukum Agama Hindu, 3(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.55115/pariksa.v3i1.704

Svensson, L. (2024). The historical methodological foundation of phenomenography. Qualitative Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778004241227270

Syaefulloh, A. M., Windiani, D., Putriani, P., Rohaeni, S., & Nugraha, R. G. (2022). Implementasi habituasi profil pelajar Pancasila dan eksistensinya bagi mahasiswa [Implementation of habituation of Pancasila student profile and its existence for students]. Jurnal Kewarganegaraan, 6(1), 2141–2149. https://doi.org/10.31316/jk.v6i1.2944

Taja, N., Nurdin, E. S., Kosasih, A., Suresman, E., & Supriyadi, T. (2021). Character education in the pandemic era: A religious ethical learning model through Islamic education. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(11), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.11.8

Tohri, A., Rasyad, A., Sururuddin, M., & Istiqlal, L. M. (2022). The urgency of Sasak local wisdom-based character education for elementary school in East Lombok, Indonesia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 11(1), 333?344. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i1.21869

Wattimena, P., Rahabav, P., & Sahalessy, A. (2023). Motivasi kerja guru dan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah terhadap kinerja guru pada SMA negeri di kcamatan Kairatu Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat [Teachers’ work motivation and principals’ leadership on teacher performance at state high schools in Kairatu district, West Seram Regency]. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 1(1), 1–13. https://ojs3.unpatti.ac.id/index.php/jmp/article/view/7328

Werang, B. R., Agung, A. A. G., Jampel, I. N., Sujana, I. W., & Asaloei, S. I. (2023). Exploring the outside-the-box leadership of an Indonesian school principal: A qualitative case study. Cogent Education, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2255091

West-Burnham, J. (2003). Education, leadership and the community. In T. Gelsthorpe, & J. West-Burnham (Eds.), Educational leadership and the community strategies: Strategies for school improvement through community engagement (pp. 1–14). Pearson Education.

White, J., Evans, P., & Katz, I. (2024). Children dually involved with statutory child protection and juvenile justice in Australia: A developmental cascade framework. Children and Youth Services Review, 161, Article 107645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107645

Yasa, P. D. (2021). Teologi kepemimpinan Hindu: Kepemimpinan berlandaskan ketuhanan [Hindu leadership theology: Leadership based on god]. Khazanah Theologia, 3(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.15575/kt.v3i1.10257


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


e-ISSN: 1694-2116

p-ISSN: 1694-2493