Factors Influencing Elementary Teachers’ Readiness in Delivering Sex Education amidst Covid-19 pandemic
Abstract
The emergence of variants of Covid-19, the persistence of lockdowns in many countries, and the necessity to maintain sustainable education have resulted in a shift from the traditional classroom to virtual space. As such, there is a strong need to leverage technological advances while mitigating the challenges faced by primary teachers. Through the incorporation of eight elements, the authors sought to better understand factors that influence teacher readiness to deliver sex education in primary schools. Structural Equation Modeling was employed to assess the proposed conceptual model. The online survey was designed and distributed by Google Forms. Based on the results from 383 individuals, the findings revealed that facilitating conditions, educational policy, and parental involvement all had a relationship with teacher readiness. Digital content positively influenced performance expectancy and effort expectancy. Sexual knowledge had a statistically significant and positive influence on effort expectancy. Finally, openness had a statistically significant and positive influence on performance expectancy. The significant exceptions were that effort expectancy was not found to predict teacher readiness, and performance expectancy was not found to influence teacher readiness. The reasons for these non-significant correlations were briefly discussed and more studies on this topic are called to investigate these unexpected outcomes in more detail. The level of readiness, as well as theoretical and practical implications for scholars and practitioners, were discussed.
https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.2.18
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adov, L., Must, O., & Pedaste, M. (2017). Attitudes towards Mobile devices in Estonian basic education: Using the framework of the UTAUT model. International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies,
Alea, L. A., Fabrea, M. F., Roldan, R. D. A., & Farooqi, A. Z. (2020). Teachers’ Covid-19 awareness, distance learning education experiences and perceptions towards institutional readiness and challenges. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(6), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.6.8
Alghamdi, A. K. H., & Al-Ghamdi, N. A. (2021). Elementary Teachers’ Thoughts about Distance Education and Learning 21st-Century Skills during COVID Pandemic. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.3.3
Almazova, N., Krylova, E., Rubtsova, A., & Odinokaya, M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for Russian higher education amid COVID-19: Teachers’ perspective. Education Sciences, 10(12), 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10120368
Andarwulan, T., Fajri, T. A. A., & Damayanti, G. (2021). Elementary Teachers' Readiness toward the Online Learning Policy in the New Normal Era during COVID-19. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 771-786. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14345a
Aventin, Á., Gough, A., McShane, T., Gillespie, K., O’Hare, L., Young, H., Lewis, R., Warren, E., Buckley, K., & Lohan, M. (2020). Engaging parents in digital sexual and reproductive health education: evidence from the JACK trial. Reproductive Health, 17(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-00975-y
Azizi, S. M., Roozbahani, N., & Khatony, A. (2020). Factors affecting the acceptance of blended learning in medical education: application of UTAUT2 model. BMC medical education, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02302-2
Bartau-Rojas, I., Aierbe-Barandiaran, A., & Oregui-González, E. (2018). Parental mediation of the Internet use of Primary students: beliefs, strategies and difficulties. Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.3916/C54-2018-07
Bautista Jr, A., Bleza, D., Buhain, C., & Balibrea, D. (2021). School Support Received and the Challenges Encountered in Distance Learning Education by Filipino Teachers during the Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.6.19
Berglas, N. F., Jerman, P., Rohrbach, L. A., Angulo-Olaiz, F., Chou, C.-P., & Constantine, N. A. (2016). An implementation and outcome evaluation of a multicomponent sexuality education programme for high school students. Sex education, 16(5), 549-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1133408
Booth?Butterfield, M., & Sidelinger, R. (1998). The influence of family communication on the college?aged child: Openness, attitudes and actions about sex and alcohol. Communication Quarterly, 46(3), 295-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379809370103
Borotis, S., & Poulymenakou, A. (2004). E-learning readiness components: Key issues to consider before adopting e-learning interventions. [https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/11555/]. E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education,
Cabreros, M. A. (2012). Handa na ba ako?: parents’ receptiveness and teachers’ readiness of sex education in grade school. http://cas.upm.edu.ph:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/147
Cacciatore, R., Korteniemi-Poikela, E., & Kaltiala, R. (2019). The steps of sexuality—a developmental, emotion-focused, child-centered model of sexual development and sexuality education from birth to adulthood. International Journal of Sexual Health, 31(3), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2019.1645783
Cho, G., Hwang, H., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2020). Cutoff criteria for overall model fit indexes in generalized structured component analysis. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 8(4), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-020-00089-1
Choi, Y. H. (2013). A study of experience of sex education, awareness of sexual abuse, sex knowledge, and sexual consciousness of children. The Korean Journal of Community Living Science, 24(3), 355-368. https://doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2013.24.3.355
Churiyah, M., Sholikhan, S., Filianti, F., & Sakdiyyah, D. A. (2020). Indonesia education readiness conducting distance learning in Covid-19 pandemic situation. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(6), 491-507. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i6.1833
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
Desforges, C., & Abouchaar, A. (2003). The impact of parental involvement, parental support and family education on pupil achievement and adjustment: A literature review (Vol. 433). DfES London. http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/6305
Dorsah, P. (2021). Pre-Service Teachers' Readiness for Emergency Remote Learning in the Wake of COVID-19. European Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/9557
Espinosa, A. L. H., & Barraza, A. R. (2021). Elementary School Teachers and Sex Education in Mexico: The Case of Veracruz. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 13(5), 589-598. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2021.214
Fauzi, I., & Khusuma, I. H. S. (2020). Teachers’ elementary school in online learning of COVID-19 pandemic conditions. Jurnal Iqra': Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(1), 58-70. https://doi.org/10.25217/ji.v5i1.914
Ferri, F., Grifoni, P., & Guzzo, T. (2020). Online learning and emergency remote teaching: Opportunities and challenges in emergency situations. Societies, 10(4), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040086
Fiangga, S., Palupi, E. L. W., Hidayat, D., Prihartiwi, N. R., & Siswono, T. Y. E. (2021). Development of digital learning resources for realistic mathematics education in supporting virtual learning during covid-19. Journal of Physics: Conference Series.
Funa, A. A., & Talaue, F. T. (2021). Constructivist Learning Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Investigating Students' Perceptions of Biology Self-Learning Modules. Online Submission, 20(3), 250-264. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.3.15
Gallegos, J. C. P., de la Torre, B. A. T., & Sprock, A. S. (2020). Distance Education. An Emerging Strategy for Education in the pandemic COVID19. [10.1109/LACLO50806.2020.9381137]. 2020 XV Conferencia Latinoamericana de Tecnologias de Aprendizaje (LACLO),
Gocotano, T. E., Jerodiaz, M. A. L., Banggay, J. C. P., Nasibog, H. B. R., & Go, M. B. (2021). Higher Education Students’ Challenges on Flexible Online Learning Implementation in the Rural Areas: A Philippine Case. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(7). https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.7.15
Goldfarb, E. S., & Lieberman, L. D. (2021). Three decades of research: The case for comprehensive sex education. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(1), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.036
Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., Hanson, E., Whittle, H., Alves-Costa, F., Pintos, A., Metcalf, T., & Beech, A. (2021). Technology assisted child sexual abuse: professionals’ perceptions of risk and impact on children and young people. Child abuse & neglect, 119, 104651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104651
Holsapple, C. W., & Lee?Post, A. (2006). Defining, assessing, and promoting e?learning success: An information systems perspective. Decision sciences journal of innovative education, 4(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4609.2006.00102.x
Hu, S., Laxman, K., & Lee, K. (2020). Exploring factors affecting academics’ adoption of emerging mobile technologies-an extended UTAUT perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 25(5), 4615-4635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10171-x
Hung, M.-L. (2016). Teacher readiness for online learning: Scale development and teacher perceptions. Computers & Education, 94, 120-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.012
Hwang, H., Cho, G., & Choo, H. (2021). GSCA Pro 1.0 User’s Manual. https://www.gscapro.com/
Hwang, H., & Takane, Y. (2014). Generalized structured component analysis: A component-based approach to structural equation modeling. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17872
Iivari, N., Sharma, S., & Ventä-Olkkonen, L. (2020). Digital transformation of everyday life–How COVID-19 pandemic transformed the basic education of the young generation and why information management research should care? International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102183
Initiative, F. o. S. E. (2020). National sex education standards: Core content and skills, K-12. Future of Sex Education Initiative. https://advocatesforyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NSES-2020-web.pdf
Javadnoori, M., Zangeneh, S., Tadayon, M., & Akhoond, M. (2016). Competence of healthcare Workers in Sexual Health Education for female adolescents at schools. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 4(2), 605-612. https://doi.org/10.22038/jmrh.2016.6627
Jin, X. (2021). The characteristics and relationship of parental sexual knowledge and sex education attitude to young children. Creative Education, 12(9), 2002-2010. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2021.129153
Jørgensen, C. R., Weckesser, A., Turner, J., & Wade, A. (2019). Young people’s views on sexting education and support needs: Findings and recommendations from a UK-based study. Sex education, 19(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2018.1475283
Kim, H., Park, K.-H., & Park, S. (2021). Gender differences in sexual behaviors and their relevance to mental health among high school students with sexual experience in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111295
Kirkman, M., Rosenthal, D. A., & Shirley Feldman, S. (2005). Being open with your mouth shut: The meaning of ‘openness’ in family communication about sexuality. Sex education, 5(1), 49-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/1468181042000301885
Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLS?SEM: The inverse square root and gamma?exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12131
Lameiras-Fernández, M., Martínez-Román, R., Carrera-Fernández, M. V., & Rodríguez-Castro, Y. (2021). Sex education in the spotlight: what is working? Systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052555
Lestari, P. A. S., & Gunawan, G. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on learning implementation of primary and secondary school levels. Indonesian Journal of Elementary and Childhood Education, 1(2), 58-63.
Leung, H., Shek, D. T., Leung, E., & Shek, E. Y. (2019). Development of contextually-relevant sexuality education: Lessons from a comprehensive review of adolescent sexuality education across cultures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(4), 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040621
Martin, J., Riazi, H., Firoozi, A., & Nasiri, M. (2020). A sex education program for teachers of preschool children: a quasi-experimental study in Iran. BMC public health, 20, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08826-y
Mittal, A., Mantri, A., Tandon, U., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021). A unified perspective on the adoption of online teaching in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Information Discovery and Delivery. https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-09-2020-0114
Nhung Nguyen Thi Phuong, An Chu Thi Thuy, Hien Nguyen Ngoc, Ly Tran Hang, & Xuan, S. P. (2021). A Revision of Sex Competency Framework toward Digital Transformation and Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 15(8), 389-409.
Omar, M., Ismail, S., & Kasim, A. (2019). The Influence of Mobile Technology Adoption among Secondary School Teachers using the UTAUT 2 Model. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8(4). https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.D8204.118419
Patra, S. K., Sundaray, B. K., & Mahapatra, D. M. (2021). Are university teachers ready to use and adopt e-learning system? An empirical substantiation during COVID–19 pandemic. Quality Assurance in Education. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-12-2020-0146
Pellejero Goni, L., & Torres Iglesias, B. (2011). Sex education: Sex and gender in Primary School textbooks. Revista de Educación(354), 399-427.
Plaza-del-Pino, F. J., Soliani, I., Fernández-Sola, C., Molina-García, J. J., Ventura-Miranda, M. I., Pomares-Callejón, M. Á., López-Entrambasaguas, O. M., & Ruiz-Fernández, M. D. (2021). Primary school teachers’ perspective of sexual education in Spain. A qualitative study. Healthcare, 9(3), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030287
Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A literature review on impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Higher Education for the Future, 8(1), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481
Russell, D., Higgins, D., & Posso, A. (2020). Preventing child sexual abuse: A systematic review of interventions and their efficacy in developing countries. Child abuse & neglect, 102, 104395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104395
Sailer, M., Schultz-Pernice, F., & Fischer, F. (2021). Contextual facilitators for learning activities involving technology in higher education: The C?-model. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, 106794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106794
Schneider, M., & Hirsch, J. S. (2020). Comprehensive sexuality education as a primary prevention strategy for sexual violence perpetration. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(3), 439-455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018772855
Shareefa, M., Muneez, M., Hammad, A., & Shihamaa, M. (2021). Enhancing Virtual Learning during the Crisis of COVID-19 Lockdown-A Case Study of a Higher Education Institution in Maldives. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(11). https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.11.26
Shin, H., Lee, J. M., & Min, J. Y. (2019). Sexual knowledge, sexual attitudes, and perceptions and actualities of sex education among elementary school parents. Child Health Nursing Research, 25(3), 312-323. https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2019.25.3.312
Soper, D. (2016). Calculator: a-priori sample size for structural equation models. https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/calculator.aspx?id=89
Steiner, G. (2012). Educational learning theory. Instructional design: International perspectives, 1, 79-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92150-0
Stevens, M., & Borup, J. (2015). Parental engagement in online learning environments: A review of the literature. Exploring Pedagogies for Diverse Learners Online. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-368720150000027005
Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population research: convenience sampling strategies. Prehospital and disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373-374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000649
Tadesse, S., & Muluye, W. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on education system in developing countries: a review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(10), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810011
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International journal of medical education, 2, 53. https://doi.org/0.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 425-478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
Voyiatzaki, C., Venetikou, M. S., Papageorgiou, E., Anthouli-Anagnostopoulou, F., Simitzis, P., Chaniotis, D. I., & Adamopoulou, M. (2021). Awareness, Knowledge and Risky Behaviors of Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Young People in Greece. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910022
Wang, H., & Hall, N. C. (2018). A systematic review of teachers’ causal attributions: Prevalence, correlates, and consequences. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2305. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02305
Warner, D., Christie, G., & Choy, S. (1998). Readiness of VET clients for flexible delivery including on-line learning. Brisbane: Australian National Training Authority. http://hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/33256
Warzecha, D., Szymusik, I., Pietrzak, B., Kosinska-Kaczynska, K., Sierdzinski, J., Sochacki-Wojcicka, N., & Wielgos, M. (2019). Sex education in Poland–a cross-sectional study evaluating over twenty thousand polish women’s knowledge of reproductive health issues and contraceptive methods. BMC public health, 19(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7046-0
Wenceslao, P., & Felisa, G. (2021). Challenges to Online Engineering Education during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.3.6
Westwood, J., & Mullan, B. (2007). Knowledge and attitudes of secondary school teachers regarding sexual health education in England. Sex education, 7(2), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681810701264490
Wu, S.-Y. (2021). How teachers conduct online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Taiwan. Frontiers in Education, 6(675434), 11-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.675434
Zakharov, K., Komarova, A., Baranova, T., & Gulk, E. (2021). Information literacy and digital competence of teachers in the age of digital transformation. E3S Web of Conferences,
Zou, C., Li, P., & Jin, L. (2021). Online college English education in Wuhan against the COVID-19 pandemic: Student and teacher readiness, challenges and implications. PloS one, 16(10), e0258137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258137
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
e-ISSN: 1694-2116
p-ISSN: 1694-2493